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Finance academics who linked momentum to the state of the market

Michael J. Cooper, Roberto C. Gutierrez Jr. & Allaudeen Hameed

Michael J. Cooper, Roberto C. Gutierrez Jr. and Allaudeen Hameed published 'Market States and Momentum' in the Journal of Finance (vol. 59, 2004, pp. 1345-1365). Gutierrez, who holds a PhD in finance from the University of North Carolina (1999), is an associate professor of finance at the University of Oregon's Lundquist College of Business.

What they argue

  • Momentum profits depend on the state of the market: from 1929 to 1995 they averaged 0.93% a month after UP markets and -0.37% a month after DOWN markets.
  • UP is defined by a positive lagged 36-month market return; overconfidence is higher after market gains, which feeds momentum that later reverses.

Books and papers

  • Market States and Momentum, Journal of Finance 59: 1345-1365 (2004)

The full reading list

12-1 momentum only after up markets

Rule and full record

Momentum · month-end

Momentum has paid after the market has risen and failed after it has fallen. Hold a stock with positive 12-1 momentum only while SPY is up over the last 3 years.

Calls right42%7,494 closed calls on 377 stocks.
Beat buy and hold (Sharpe)89 of 363On raw return: 82 of 363.
In right now252 of 377As of the Oct 13, 2026 close.

Best risk-adjusted results against buy and hold:

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